'SW개발' 카테고리의 글 목록 (4 Page)

SW개발

Trace32. Spot Break and Log 2011.04.26
카메라 개발 용어 2011.04.26
아스키 문자셋 2011.04.25
GSM 약어2 2011.04.25
GSM약어 2011.04.25 6

Trace32. Spot Break and Log

2011. 4. 26. 11:40

개발을 하다 보면, 특정한 위치에서 변수가 바뀌는 흐름을 알고 싶은 때가 있습니다.

Spot break를 이용하여 특정한 위치에서의 변수의 변화를 로그로 남기는 방법을 알아 보겠습니다.

● Spot break Point : 일반적인 Break는 Break가 걸리게 되면 사용자가 Go 하기 전까지 Stop되어 있지만,

Spot break point는 Break가 걸리더라도 잠시 멈췄다가 자동으로 Go가 됩니다.

아래와 같이 cmm파일을 만듭니다.

checkVariable 을 보기를 원하는 변수로 바꿉니다.

var.log checkVariable /area log /onspot /changes /timestamp

;checkVariable : 보고자 하는 변수, 공백을 이용하여 여러 개를 지정 할 수도 있음 ex) checkval1 checkval2

;onspot : Spot break걸릴 경우

;changes : 변수값이 바뀔 때만 log

;timestamp : 시간을 출력

변하는 변수를 관찰 할 위치를 Break-Spot으로 Break를 설정합니다.

위에서 만든 cmm을 Do 하면 log창이 뜹니다.
T32를 Go하면 log창에 Spot Break가 걸릴 때마다 변수가 화면에 기록 되는 것을 볼 수 있습니다.

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카메라 개발 용어

2011. 4. 26. 10:34

아래는 몇 년전에 카메라 공부 할 때, 구해서 봤던 자료입니다.

1. PLL : Phase Locked Loop

원하는 주파수가 나가도록 교정 하고, Divider에 의해 주파수 변경가능

고주파 RF에서 복잡해 보이는 회로 중 하나인 PLL도, 그 목적에 맞추어 여러 회로로 구성된 하나의 작은 시스템일 뿐입니다.

① VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator)

입력전압에 따라 특정한 주파수를 내보내는 PLL의 최고 핵심멤버. 자기는 별 생각이 없고 그냥 뒤에서 누가 전압을 밀어주면 묵묵히 해당 주파수를 밀어낸다. 그런데 온도나 주변전자파환경 등 주변영향에 민감한 정서불안적 성격을 갖고 있기 때문에 PLL같은 복잡한 구조를 만들게 만드는 주인공.

② Divider (또는 counter)

VCO의 출력주파수를 가져와서 비교시켜야 하는데, 주파수가 너무 높아서 비교하기 힘드니까 적절한 비율로 나누어 비교하기 좋은 주파수로 만들어준다. 디지털 카운터같은 구조로 되어 있으며, 이 분주비를 복잡하게 살짝 비틀어서 PLL 구조의 출력주파수 가변을 할 수 있게 하는 역할도 한다. PLL IC라 불리우는 놈의 핵심 부위는 바로 이놈으로써, S/W 적으로 분주비를 교묘하게 틀 수 있게 만든다.

③ TCXO (Temperature Compensated X-tal Oscillator)

온도변화에 대해 흔들림없이 굳건히 매우매우매우 안정적인 주파수를 뽑아낼 수 있는 크리스탈 오실레이터. 이 변하지 않는 주파수를 기준주파수로 삼아서 출력주파수가 맞는지 틀린지 비교해준다.

④ P/D (Phase Detector, PFD : Phase Frequency Detector)

TCXO의 기준주파수와 divider를 통해 나뉘어져 들어온 출력주파수를 비교하여 그 차이에 해당하는 펄스열을 내보낸다.

⑤ Charge Pump (C/P)

P/D에서 나온 펄스폭에 비례하는 전류를 펄스 부호에 따라 밀거나 댕겨준다. 펄스를 전류로 변환해주는 과정에서 전류이득(Icp)가 존재하고, 이 양은 lock time을 비롯한 PLL의 성능에도 큰 영향을 준다. PLL IC에 따라서는 Icp 값을 조정할 수도 있다.

⑥ Loop Filter (LPF)

저역통과여파기(LPF)구조로 구성된 이 필터는 loop 동작중에 발생하는 각종 잡스런 주파수들을 걸러내고, capacitor를 이용하여 축적된 전하량 변화를 통해 VCO 조절단자의 전압을 가변하는 역할을 한다. 실제로 PLL IC를 이용하는 경우 외부에서 튜닝 가능한 거의 유일한 소자들이기 때문에 많은 엔지니어의 집중적인 튜닝대상이 된다.

2. 휘도

휘도란 광원의 빛나는 정도를 말한다. 또는 휘도란 어떤 면의 밝기를 말한다.

3. 조도

조도는 어떤 면의 비추어 지는 정도를 말하는 것

4. ISO(International Standards Organization)

1) ISO란 무엇인가?

흔히 필름의 감도를 이야기할 때 ISO 100, ISO 80.. 이런 식으로 말하는데 여기서 ISO란 감도 자체와 관련된 용어는 아닙니다. ISO는 International Standards Organization의 약자로 국제 표준화 규격이라고 하지요. 그러니까 "필름 감도가 국제 표준 규격에서 볼 때 100에 상당한다"라는 뜻입니다. 국제 표준 규격말고도 다른 방식으로 말할 수 있습니다. 다른 규격으로는 미국의 표준 규격인 ASA(American Standards Association ), 일본 산업 표준 규격인 JIS(Japan Industrial Standard ), 유럽 표준 규격인 DIN(Deutsche Industric Normen) 등이 있습니다. 하지만 일반적으로는 국제 표준 규격인 ISO가 사용됩니다. 지금은 감도라면 일반적으로 ISO 100과 같은 형태로 쓰는 것이 일반화되었지만 본래 ISO는 ISO 100 / 21과 같이 ASA / DIN으로 써주게 되어 있습니다. 결론적으로 말하자면 우리가 흔히 ISO 100이라고 하는 것은 엄밀히 말하자면 ISO 가 아니라 ASA 100이라고 쓰는 것이 정확하다는 것이죠. 참고적으로 ASA 수치와 DIN 수치를 비교해 보도록 하겠습니다.

ASA

25

50

100

200

400

DIN

15

18

21

24

27

각각의 감도는 칸이 바뀔 때 마다 두 배씩 증가합니다.

2) 감도란 무엇인가?

ISO가 감도를 나타내는 국제 표준 규격이라면 감도는 무엇인가 하는 것이 당연한 질문일 것입니다. 필름의 감도는 감광도라고도 하는데 필름의 빛에 대한 민감도. 즉, 빛에 의해 변화되는 속도를 말하는 것이며. 필름이 없는 디지털 카메라에서는 환산치로 쓰이게 됩니다.

필름을 감도로 분류하면 ISO 25 ~ 50을 저감도, ISO 100 ~ 200을 중감도, ISO 200 ~ 400을 고감도, 그 이상 (ISO 800 ~ 3200)은 초고감도로 구분 가능합니다. 필름의 감도가 높으면 광량이 부족한 상태에서도 촬영이 가능하며 플래쉬를 사용하지 않아도 되고 따라서 전지의 사용도 줄일 수 있게 되지요. 그렇다면 무조건 필름의 감도가 높을수록 좋은 것일까요? 그렇진 않습니다. 감도가 높아지면 입자가 거칠어지고 화질이 떨어지게 됩니다. 흔히 말하는 노이즈가 발생하게 됩니다.

따라서 제 생각에는 플래시를 사용하기 곤란한 (해가 지는 시간, 또는 좁은 실내) 경우에만 ISO 감도를 높여 촬영하고 평상시에는 ISO 100에 고정하여 사용하시고 일반적인 야경 촬영에서는 감도를 높이는 것 보다는 노출 시간을 늘이는 것이 더 좋을 것 같습니다. 대부분의 카메라들이 ISO 100을 표준으로하고 있는데 그 이유는 일반적으로 ISO100에서 가장 좋은 이미지가 나오기 때문입니다.

5. 노출 (Exposure)

모든 사물은 그 자체로서 가지고 있는 색깔이나 형태에 따라 그 빛을 반사시키는 정도가 다르기 때문에 우리는 그것의 형태를 인식할 수가 있습니다. 사진을 찍는다는 것은 그러한 빛에 대한 정보를 필름이나 CCD에 저장하는 것이라고 할 수 있겠습니다.

필름이나 CCD에는 렌즈를 통해 제각기 다르게 들어오는 빛을 받아 그 형태나 밝기가 기록됩니다. 사진을 찍는데 있어 빛이란 그만큼 중요한 것입니다. 사람의 눈은 어두운 곳에서도 어느 정도 식별이 가능하지만 CCD는 그렇지가 못합니다.

빛이 부족하게 공급되면 될수록 어두운 사진이 되어 결국에는 화면 전체가 검어 져서 아무 것도 알아 볼 수 없는 사진이 되고, 반대로 많이 공급이 될수록 더욱 밝은 사진이 되어 나중에는 하얀 색만 가득 찬 화면이 되어 버립니다.

따라서 적정한 빛을 공급하는 것은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있습니다. 이렇게 CCD가 필요로 하는 알맞은 빛을 카메라로 조절하여 공급해 주는 일을 노출이라고 합니다.

그렇다면 빛의 양(광량)을 조절하는 방법에는 어떤 것이 있을까요?

첫 번째로 조리개를 이용하는 방법이 있습니다.

사물에서 반사되는 빛이 카메라 속에 있는 CCD에 닿아 정보를 제공하기 위해서는 일단 렌즈를 통과해야 합니다. 이 렌즈 속에는 그 빛의 양을 조절할 수 있는 조리개라는 것이 위치해 있습니다. 이 조리개는 크기를 조절할 수 있도록 만들어져 있기 때문에 조리개를 조절하여 빛의 양을 조절할 수 있습니다.

첫 번째 방법이 한꺼번에 들어오는 빛의 양을 조절한다면 두 번째 방법은 동일한 양의 빛을 시간에 따라 적고 많게 조절하는 방법인데 바로 셔터를 이용하는 것입니다. 동일한 빛이 있는 상태에서 셔터를 빨리 닫으면 빛의 양이 줄어들고 천천히 닫으면 빛의 양이 늘어나는 것입니다.

그러나 실제로 이 두 가지 방법 중 하나만 선택해서 노출을 조정하기는 어렵습니다. 실제로 사물이 반사하는 빛의 세기는 한 두 가지로 결정되어 있는 것이 아니기 때문입니다. 따라서 두 가지 방법을 적절하게 이용하여 광량을 조절하는 방법이 주로 사용됩니다. 예를 들어 아주 밝은 빛에서는 조리개를 작게 하고 셔터 스피드도 빠르게 하고 반대의 경우에는 조리개를 크게 하고 셔터 스피드도 느리게 합니다. 당연히 많은 양의 빛이 들어 갑니다. 이렇게 조리개 값과 셔터 스피드를 적절히 사용하여 노출을 조절하는 것은 카메라를 다루는데 필요한 가장 기초적인 기술이라고 할 수 있겠습니다.

6.AEB(오토 브리킷)

Auto Bracketing. 셔터를 한번 누름으로써, 조금씩 다른 노출의 컷을 연속 촬영하는 기능으로 AEB라고도 합니다. 설정할 수 있는 EV 스텝수, 촬영 매수, 촬영순은 기종에 의해 다르지만, 통상은±0을 기준으로 하여, 0.5 스톱, 0.3 스톱으로 3컷또는 5컷을 연속해 찍어 줍니다.

7.AF

자동 초점 조절식 카메라를 말합니다. 카메라에 따라 몇 가지 다른 방식을 채용합니다.

비지트로닉 방식 또는 패시브(passive)형이라고도 불리는 방식은 피사체의 콘트라스트를 읽어냅니다. 반면 근 적외선 방식은 액티브(active)형이라 불리며 피사체까지 적외선을 쏴서 적외선의 속도와 시간을 이용해 거리를 계산합니다.

최근에는 피사체로부터 입사 빛의 차를 검지해 거리를 측정하는 위상 검출 방식이 주류를 이루고 있습니다. 많은 디지탈 카메라가 반 셔터에 의해 작동하지만(싱글AF), 일부 카메라는 액정 모니터 표시중에 핀트를 계속 맞추는 콘티뉴어스 AF를 채용하기도 합니다.

8.조리개 (Aperture)

CCD에 적절한 양의 빛을 제공하는 것을 노출이라고 합니다.

적정 노출을 위해서는 조리개 값과 셔터 스피드가 사용됩니다. 셔터 스피드는 동일한 광량을 가지고 시간을 조절을 통해 노출을 조절하는 방식이고 조리개 값은 우리 눈의 동공과 같이 축소, 확대를 통해 광량을 조절합니다.

그중 조리개는 렌즈안에 내장되어 있으며 조이거나 개방시키는 일정한 단위가 있습니다. 카메라 렌즈위를 보시면 f=2.8과 같은 숫자가 써 있는 것을 볼 수 있는데 이것이 바로 조리개의 수치를 나타내는 것입니다. 여기서 쓰이는 f가 조리개의 수치를 나타내는 단위로 f스톱(f-stop), 또는 f넘버(f-number)로 불립니다.

f스톱의 숫자는 f1.4, f2, f2.8, f4, f5.6, f8, f11, f16, f22, f32, f45, f64의 순서로 되어 있으며 각 숫자의 간격은 stop또는 step으로 표시되며 각 f-stop은 광량이 두 배 혹은 1/2배의 차이를 표시합니다.

예를 들어 f2.8은 f4보다 구경이 두배 크며 그만큼 많은 광량을 받아들일 수 있고 반대로 f2보다는 절반의 구경을 지니고 당연히 절반의 광량만을 취할 수 있습니다.

물론 f숫자가 낮을수록 렌즈가 밝아지지만 그만큼 가격도 비싸진다는 것을 고려하셔야 합니다.

9.AWE(Auto White Balance)

태양광의 경우는 시각과 기후, 그림자 등의 요소에 의해 색 온도가 미묘하게 변합니다. 따라서 빛의 상태 변화에 따라서 화이트 밸런스를 맞추어야 할 필요가 있습니다. 예를 들어 태양광 아래에서의 사진과 형광등 아래서의 사진이 분위기가 사뭇 다른 것을 본적이 있을 것입니다. 따라서 최상의 사진을 촬영하기 위해서는는 그 장소의 조명 상태에 따라 화이트 밸런스가 달라져야 합니다. 화이트 밸런스가 맞지 않은 상태에서 촬영하면 우리가 느끼는 색을 얻지 못하여 촬영을 해도 결국은 쓰지 못하게 되기 때문입니다.

화이트 밸런스를 맞춘다는 것은 카메라가 현장에서 빛을 통해 느끼고 받아들이는 색을 기억시켜 피사체로부터 반사되는 색을 정확하게 표현시키기 위해 하는 작업이라고 할 수 있습니다.

화이트 밸런스를 맞추기 위해서는 우선 카메라의 기능에서 화이트 밸런스 스위치를 작동시키고 렌즈 앞에 흰색의 종이나, 흰색의 벽등을 설치한 뒤 화이트 밸런스 스위치를 약 3-5초간 누르고 있으면 뷰 파인더 안에 화이트 밸런스 표시가 깜박이다가 멈추는데 그러면 화이트가 맞은 것입니다. 화이트 밸런스가 맞지 않으면 전체가 푸른빛이나 노란빛으로 나타나게 되는 것을 볼 수 있습니다.

광원이 변하면 화이트 밸런스도 변하는데, 아름다운 색채표현을 위해서는 광원에 따른 카메라의 화이트 밸런스 조정이 절대적인 요건이라고 할 수 있습니다.

10.조리개 우선모드

노출 모드에는 크게 자동 노출, 조리개 우선 모드, 셔터 스피드 우선 모드, 그리고 매뉴얼 모드가 있습니다. 이밖에도 최근에는 야경이나 인물 촬영처럼 특수한 상황에 가장 적합한 노출값을 정해주는 "씬 모드"도 많이 채용되고 있는 추세입니다. 특히 카시오의 제품들에서는 베스트 샷이라는 이름으로 100여 가지 상황에 맞는 모드들이 채용되기도 합니다. 이렇게 다양한 모드들이 제조사 별로 이름을 바꾸어가며 채용되고 있기는 하지만 수동 기능이 지원되는 대부분의 디지탈 카메라에 공통적으로 채용되는 기능은 셔터 스피드 우선 모드와 조리개 우선 모드, 그리고 완전 수동 모드입니다. 이 세 가지 모드는 필름 카메라에서도 오래 전부터 쓰여왔고 그 활용 범위도 무척 넓은 편이라 할 수 있습니다. 오늘은 그 중 조리개 우선 모드에 대해서 알아보도록 하겠습니다.

1) 조리개 우선 모드란?

조리개 우선 모드를 이해하시려면 먼저 카메라의 노출에 대한 개념이 필요합니다. 적절한 노출을 주기 위해서는 셔터가 열리는 시간과 조리개가 열리는 값이 정확하게 맞아야 합니다. 동일한 노출을 주기 위해서는 셔터 스피드를 빠르게 하고 조리개를 많이 개방하거나 반대로 셔터스피드를 느리게 하고 조리개를 조금만 개방해 줄 수 있습니다. 셔터스피드와 조리개 값이 각기 다른 동일한 노출에서는 노출 값이 동일함에도 불구하고 조리개 값이 얼마였었는지에 따라 이미지에는 상당한 변화를 줄 수 있습니다.

*동일 노출표

셔터속도

1/4000

1/2000

1/1000

1/500

1/250

1/125

1/60

1/30

1/15

조리개값

f1.4

f2

f2.8

f4

f5.6

f8

f11

f16

f22

2) 조리개 우선 모드 활용

일반적으로 조리개 구경이 넓어지면 피사계 심도가 낮아져서 배경에 초점이 맞지 않고 반대로 조리개 구경이 좁아지면 화면 전체에 초점이 맞는 선명한 사진을 얻을 수 있습니다. 특히 조리개 구경을 완전히 넓히고 망원 줌을 사용하는 아웃 포커싱 기법을 이용하면 운치있는 사진을 얻을 수 있으며 조리개 구경을 좁히면 풍경 사진이나 단체사진처럼 화면 전체에 초점을 맞추어야 하는 경우에 유용하게 사용이 가능합니다.

11.셔터우선모드

보다 멋진 장면의 촬영을 위해 배경을 연출하고 구도를 잡지만, 결과적으로 사진을 결정 짓는 것은 셔터를 누르는 순간입니다.

셔터라는 것이 단순히 촬영을 위해 누르는 것이라고 생각해서는 절대 안됩니다. 어떤 순간에 셔터를 누르냐에 따라 사진의 의미가 달라지고, 특히 움직이는 물체를 촬영할 때는 셔터의 스피드가 이미지의 표현을 크게 좌우하게 됩니다.

1) 셔터

카메라의 셔터는 CCD나 필름을 일정시간 동안 빛에 노출시키기 위해서 만들어진 장치입니다. 셔터를 누름으로서 셔터는 조리개와 연동하여 피사체를 적절한 밝기로 필름에 감광 시키거나 CCD에 의해서 영상으로 기록을 하게 되는 것입니다.

움직이는 피사체를 촬영하고 있었다면 셔터스피드를 조절함으로서 색다른 이미지를 얻을 수 있습니다.

빠른 셔터스피드는 고속으로 움직이는 사물을 정지촬영할 때 유리하고 셔터스피드를 느리게 하여 촬영하는 슬로우 셔터 촬영은 동체의 흐름을 촬영할 수 있게 해줍니다.

2) 셔터랙 / 셔터스피드

셔터스피드와 셔터랙을 혼동하시는 분들이 많이 계시던데요. 이번 기회에 확실히 구분해 두시길 바랍니다.

셔터랙은 셔터 버튼을 누르고 나서 실제로 카메라 내부의 셔터가 눌러지기까지의 시간차를 말합니다. 셔터랙이 길면 원하는 순간에 촬영을 하는 것이 불가능하며 심지어는 움직이는 물체를 촬영하게되는 경우 셔터랙이 길면 물체가 지나간 다음에 촬영이 이루어 지기도 합니다. 또 셔터랙이 긴 카메라에서는 셔터 스피드가 빠른 장면에서도 흔들림이 생길 수 있습니다. 셔터 스피드는 사용자가 의도적으로 길거나 짧게 조정할 수 있는 개념인데 반해 셔터랙은 카메라자체에서 처리 속도가 지연되서 생기는 문제점입니다.

셔터스피드는 촬영시에 필름에 빛을 비추기 위한 셔터막이 열려 있는 시간을 말하며 일반적으로 필름 카메라보다 디지털 카메라가 셔터스피드가 느린 편입니다.

움직이는 피사체를 촬영할 때는 셔터 스피드에 따라 이미지가 다르게 표현이 되는데, 움직임에 알맞은 셔터스피드를 선택하여 촬영을 하게 되면, 움직임이 심한 부분은 흔들리게 촬영이 되고 그다지 움직이지 않은 부분은 정지된 이미지로 촬영이 되어 사진속에서 피사체의 흐름을 볼 수 있습니다.

셔터스피드를 조절하여 촬영하는 방법 중에는 고속 셔터로 촬영하는 고속 셔터스피드와 셔터 스피드를 느리게 하여 촬영하는 슬로우 셔터가 있습니다.

4) 고속 셔터스피드

고속 셔터로 빠른 움직임을 정지시키는 촬영법은 사진에 의해서만 가능합니다. 움직이고 있는 동체를 빠른 셔터 스피드로 촬영을 하면 한 순간에 정지한 듯한 이미지를 얻을 수 있습니다.

1/125초 이상의 빠른 셔터스피드로 촬영을 하면 카메라의 노출이 짧아져서 빠르게 움직이는 피사체도 흐려짐 없이 한 순간에 정지된 듯한 이미지를 얻을 수 있는 거죠.

주위에서 쉽게 볼 수 있는 예를 들면 보도나 스포츠 현장에서의 촬영이 그러한데, 움직임이 많은 곳에서의 촬영은 고속의 셔터스피드로 골을 넣는 장면이나 감동의 장면을 정지된 듯한 이미지로 얻어내야 하기 때문입니다. DCINSIDE에서 한때 물방울 접사가 큰 인기를 끌었었는데 물방울 접사 역시 고속 셔터 스피드를 이용한 기술입니다.

5) 슬로우 셔터

보통 촬영을 할 때 흔들릴 위험성이 있는 1/15초 이하를 슬로우 셔터라고 하고 슬로우 셔터 기능을 활용하여 촬영을 하면 색다를 효과를 볼 수 있습니다.

슬로우 셔터는 카메라의 노출이 길어져 그만큼 많은 양의 빛이 들어오게 되고, 그 시간동안 움직인 동체의 모습이 흐름으로 표현이 됩니다. 예를 들면 야간에 전조등을 켜고 달리는 자동차를 슬로우 셔터로 촬영을 하면 불빛은 자동차의 움직임에 따라 하나의 선으로 표현이 됩니다. 이런 현상은 셔터가 개방되어 있는 동안 움직인 자동차의 궤적이 그대로 잔상으로 남게 되는 것으로 셔터 우선 모드에서만 만들어 낼 수 있는 독특한 이미지입니다.

이런 촬영을 위해서는 우선 카메라를 삼각대에 고정시켜야 카메라의 흔들림이 없이 촬영이 가능합니다. 배경과 움직이는 피사체의 밝기가 비슷할 경우 화상이 흔들리면 형태를 알아볼 수 없게 되기 때문입니다.

그리고 장시간 노출을 하여 셔터가 열려 있는 동안 피사체의 움직임을 표현해야 하는 것이므로 조리개를 줄여서 전체적인 배경에 초점이 맞도록 하는 것이 좋습니다.

슬로우 셔터의 독특한 효과는 원리적으로는 흔들림과 같은 현상이지만, 일반적인 흔들림과는 달리 이미지의 흐름을 표현하게 되는 것이므로 잘 활용하면 멋진 효과를 볼 수 있습니다.

6) 셔터 우선모드

셔터스피드와 조리개는 밀접한 관계에 있습니다. 자동모드에서 촬영을 하면 카메라의 측광계가 노출을 결정해서 그에 맞춰 셔터속도와 조리개가 자동으로 설정이 됩니다. 셔터 우선모드는 적정 노출을 얻기 위한 자동 노출의 한 방식을 말하며 이 모드에서는 촬영자가 셔터스피드를 먼저 설정해놓으면 그에 맞게 카메라가 자동으로 적정노출이 되는 조리개를 선택해 주므로 셔터속도는 변경되지 않고 조리개 값만 변하게 됩니다. 움직이는 물체를 촬영하는 경우 자동 모드를 사용해도 무방하지만 셔터 우선모드를 이용하면 좀 더 독특한 이미지를 얻을 수 있습니다.

디지털 카메라는 기존 필름 카메라에 비해서 셔터스피드가 느리고 셔터랙도 긴 편이지만 최근에 출시되는 디지털 카메라들은 셔터랙이 짧아지고 셔터 우선의 범위도 점점 넓어져 가는 추세입니다. 물론 저가형 카메라에서는 셔터 우선 모드가 지원되지 않는 경우도 많지만 300만 화소급 이상의 카메라에서는 대부분 셔터 우선 모드가 지원되고 있습니다. 수동 모드가 지원되는 카메라를 가지신 분들이라면 자동 모드에서만 촬영할 것이 아니라 연습을 통해 셔터 우선 모드를 배워보는 것이 좋을 것 같습니다. 셔터 우선 모드를 완전히 마스터하게되면 지금까지와는 전혀 다른 이미지의 세계를 경험하실 수 있을 테니까요.

12. Flicker

화면의 깜빡거림

각 지역의 형광등 주파수에 맞춰 camera sensor의 튜닝 작업이필요하다. (튜닝이 안되어 있으면 pre-view상태에서 백색 배경을 비추면 물결 모양 보임)

▶ 국내,미국 60Hz, 유럽 50Hz. 국가별로 Hz가 다름.

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아스키 문자셋

2011. 4. 25. 20:34

DEC	HEX	OCT	Char
0	0	0	Ctrl-@ NUL
1	1	1	Ctrl-A SOH
2	2	2	Ctrl-B STX
3	3	3	Ctrl-C ETX
4	4	4	Ctrl-D EOT
5	5	5	Ctrl-E ENQ
6	6	6	Ctrl-F ACK
7	7	7	Ctrl-G BEL
8	8	10	Ctrl-H BS
9	9	11	Ctrl-I HT
10	0A	12	Ctrl-J LF
11	0B	13	Ctrl-K VT
12	0C	14	Ctrl-L FF
13	0D	15	Ctrl-M CR
14	0E	16	Ctrl-N SO
15	0F	17	Ctrl-O SI
16	10	20	Ctrl-P DLE
17	11	21	Ctrl-Q DCI
18	12	22	Ctrl-R DC2
19	13	23	Ctrl-S DC3
20	14	24	Ctrl-T DC4
21	15	25	Ctrl-U NAK
22	16	26	Ctrl-V SYN
23	17	27	Ctrl-W ETB
24	18	30	Ctrl-X CAN
25	19	31	Ctrl-Y EM
26	1A	32	Ctrl-Z SUB
27	1B	33	Ctrl-[ ESC
28	1C	34	Ctrl-\ FS
29	1D	35	Ctrl-] GS
30	1E	36	Ctrl-^ RS
31	1F	37	Ctrl_ US
32	20	40	Space
33	21	41	!
34	22	42	"
35	23	43	#
36	24	44	$
37	25	45	%
38	26	46	&
39	27	47	'
40	28	50	(
43	2B	53	+
44	2C	54	,
45	2D	55	-
46	2E	56	.
47	2F	57	/
48	30	60	0
49	31	61	1
50	32	62	2
51	33	63	3
52	34	64	4
53	35	65	5
54	36	66	6
55	37	67	7
56	38	70	8
57	39	71	9
58	3A	72	:
59	3B	73	;
60	3C	74	<
61	3D	75	=
62	3E	76	>
63	3F	77	?
64	40	100	@
65	41	101	A
66	42	102	B
67	43	103	C
68	44	104	D
69	45	105	E
70	46	106	F
71	47	107	G
72	48	110	H
73	49	111	I
74	4A	112	J
75	4B	113	K
76	4C	114	L
77	4D	115	M
78	4E	116	N
79	4F	117	O
80	50	120	P
81	51	121	Q
82	52	122	R
83	53	123	S
86	56	126	V
87	57	127	W
88	58	130	X
89	59	131	Y
90	5A	132	Z
91	5B	133	[
92	5C	134	\
93	5D	135	]
94	5E	136	^
95	5F	137	_
96	60	140	`
97	61	141	a
98	62	142	b
99	63	143	c
100	64	144	d
101	65	145	e
102	66	146	f
103	67	147	g
104	68	150	h
105	69	151	i
106	6A	152	j
107	6B	153	k
108	6C	154	l
109	6D	155	m
110	6E	156	n
111	6F	157	o
112	70	160	p
113	71	161	q
114	72	162	r
115	73	163	s
116	74	164	t
117	75	165	u
118	76	166	v
119	77	167	w
120	78	170	x
121	79	171	y
122	7A	172	z
123	7B	173	{
124	7C	174	\|
125	7D	175	}
126	7E	176

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GSM 약어2

2011. 4. 25. 19:51

AA : Application Association

AAL : ATM Adaptation Layer

ABM : Asynchronous Balanced Mode

ABR : Area Border Router

ABR : Available Bit Rate

ABT : ATM Block Transfer

AC : Alternating Current

AC : Application Context

ACCPR : Adjacent Channel Coupled Power Ratio

ACD : Automatic Call Distribution

ACF : Access Control Field

ACF : Advanced Communications Facility

ACIPR : Adjacent Channel Interface Power Ratio

ACK : ACKnowledgement

ACL : Advanced CMOS Logic

ACM : Address Complete Message

ACR : Allowed Cell Rate

AD : Analog-to-Digital

ADM : Add/Drop Multiplexers

ADPCM : Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

ADSL : Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL : Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop

AE : Application Entity

AES : Advanced Encryption Standard

AF : Assured Forwarding

AF : Audio Frequency

AFC : Automatic Frequency Control

AFNOR : Association Francaise de normalisation

AFR : Active Feedback Resonator

AGC : Automatic Gain Control

AI : Artificial Intelligence

AIM : ATM Inverse Multiplexer

AIN : Advanced Intelligent Network

AIR : Additive Increase Rate

AIS : Alarm Indication Signal

AIS-E : Alarm Indication Signal-External

ALC : Automatic Level Control

ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit

ALS : Application Layer Structure

AM : Amplitude Modulation

AMA : Automatic Message Accounting

AMI : Alternate Mark Inversion

AMPS : Advanced Mobile Phone Service

AMR : Automatic Meter Reading

ANI : Automatic Number Identification

ANM : Answer Message

ANS : American National Standard

ANS : Advanced Networks and Services

ANSI : American National Standards Institute

AO/DI : Always On/Dynamic ISDN

AOW : Asia-Oceania Workshop

AP : Application Process

APAN : Asia Pacific Advanced Network

APB : Available Path Bandwidth

API : Application Programming Interface

APON : ATM Passive Optical Network

APPL : Analog PLL

APPN : Advanced Peer to Peer Network

ARC : Administrative Radio Conference

ARE : All Routes Explorer

ARIS : Aggregate Route-based IP Swithcing

ARM : Application Resource Manager

ARP : Address Resolution Protocol

ARPA : Advanced Research Projects Agency

ARQ : Automatic Repeat reQuest

ARS : Audio Respone System

APE : Application Protocol Entity

AS : Autonomous System

ASAP : Application Service Access Point

ASBR : Autonomous System Boundary Router

ASC : AIN Switch Capabilities

ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASE : Application Service Element

ASIC : Application Specific Integrated Circuit

ASK : Amplitude Shift Keying

ASN : Abstract Service Notation

ASN.1 : Abstract Syntax Notation.1

ASON : Automatically Switched Optical Channel Networks

ASP : Abstract Service Primitive

ASP : Application Service Provider

ASRM : Abstract System Reference MOdel

ASSP : Application Specific Standard Product

ASTN : Automatically Switched Transport Network

ATD : Asynchronous Time Division

ATM : Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATMARP : ATM Address Resolution Protocol

ATS : Abstract Test Suite

ATSC : Advanced Television Systems Committee

AU : Access Unit

AUI : Attachment Unit Interface

AUP : Acceptable Use Policy

AUU : ATM User-to-User

AV : Audio Visual

AVC : Automatic Volume Control

AWC : Automatic Answer Circuit

AWGN : Additive White Gaussian Noise

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B2B : Business to Business

BA : Branch Amplifier

BAAP : Buenos Aires Action Plan

BASIC : Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

BBC : broadband Bearer Capability

BBS : Bulletin Board Service

BBS : Bulletin Board System

BC : Bearer Capability

BCBDS : Broadband Connectionless Data Bearer Service

BCD : Binary Coded Decimal

BCDMA : Broad Band CDMA

B-Channel : Bearer Channel

BCOB : Broadband Class of Bearer

BCS : British Computer Society

BCP : Business Continuity Planning

BCU : Broadcast Control Unit

BECN : Backward Explicit Congestion Notification

BER : Bit Error Rate

BETRS : Basic Exchange Telecommunication Radio Service

BEV : Billion Electron Volts

BGP : Border Gateway Protocol

BGT : Broadcast and Group Translators

B-ICI : Broadband Inter Carrier Interface

B-ICI SAAL : B-ICI Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer

BIND : Berkeley Internet Name Domain

BIOS : Basic Input Output System

BIP : Bit Interleaved Parity

B-ISDN : Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

BISSI : Broadband Inter Switching System Interface

B-ISUP : Broadband ISDN User's Part

BISYNC : BInary SYNchronous Communication

B-LLI : Broadband Low layer Information

BMA : Broadcast Multiple Access

BN : Bridge Number

BNC : Baby N Connector

B-NT : Broadband Network Termination

BOF : Birds of Feather

BOM : Beginning of Message

BOOTP : Bootstrap Protocol

BPDU : Bridge Protocol Data Unit

BPF : Bandpass Filter

BPI : Bits Per Inch

BPML : Business Process Modeling Language

BPP : Bridge port Pair

BPS : Bits per Second

BPSK : Binary Phase Shift Keying

BPSS : Business Process Specification Scheme

BRA : Basic Rate Access

BRI : Basic Rate Interface

BSC : Binary Synchronous Communication

BSD UNIX : Berkeley Software Distribution UNIX

BSP : Business Service Provider

BSVC : broadcast switched Virtual Connections

BT : British Telecom

BTAG : Begin Tag

B-TE : broadband Terminal equipment

BTS : Base Transceiver Station

BUS : Broadcast and Unknown Server

BW : Bandwidth

BWS : Broadcasting WebSite

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

C/N : Carrier to Noise Ratio

CA : Cell Arrival

CAC : Call Admission Control

CAC : Connection Admission Control

CAD/CAM : Computer Assisted Design/ Manufacturing

CADN : Cellular Acccess Digital Network

CAE : Computer Aided Engineering

CAI : Computer Aided Instruction

CAI : Common Air Interference

CALS : Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support

CAM : Computer Aided Manufacturing

CANARIE : Canadian Network for Advancement of Research, Industry and education

CAP : Carrierless Amplitude Phase

CAS : Channel Associated Signaling

CASE : Common Application Software Element

CASE : Computer Aided Systems Engineering

CAT : Computer Aided Translation

CATV : Community Antenna TeleVision (alias Cable Television)

CAV : Constant Angular Velocity

CBD : Component Based Development

CBDS : Connectionless Broadband Data Services

CBQ : Class Based Queuing

CBR : Constant Bit Rate

CBT : Computer Based Training

CBT : Core Based Tree

CC : Continuity Cell

CC : Condition Code

CC : Connection Confirm

CCB : Configuration Control Board

CCD : Charge Coupled Device

CCI : Common Client Interface

CCIRN : Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking

CCITT : International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee

CCP : Channel Change Protocol

CCR : Current Cell Rate

CCR : Configuration Change Request

CC-RA : Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement

CCS :Ccommon Channel Signaling

CCSS7 : Common Channel Signaling System 7

CCTV : Closed Circuit TeleVision

CD : Compact Disc

CD-A : Compact Disc Audio

CDDI : Copper Distributed Data Interface

CD-I : Compact Disc Interactive

CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access

CDPD : Cellular Digital Packet Data

CD-R : Compact Disc-Recordable

CD-ROM : Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

CDS : Cell Directory Service

CDSL : Consumer Digital Subscriber Line

CDT : Cell Delay Tolerance

CDV : Cell Delay Variation

CDVT : Cell Delay Variation Tolerance

CEI : Connection Endpoint Identifier

CEN : Comite Europeene de Normalisation

CENELEC : European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

CEO : Chief Executive Officer

CER : Cell Error Ratio

CER : Circuit Emulation Service

CES : Circuit Emulation Service

CEF : Call for Proposals

CG : Computer Graphics

CGA : Color Graphics Adapter

CGI : Computer Graphics Interface

CGI : Common Gateway Interface

CGM : Computer Graphics Metafile

CHAP : Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

CI : Congestion Indicator

CIB : CRC Indication Bit

CIBER : Cellular Intercarrier Billing Exchange Record

CIC : Carrier Identification Code

CIDR : Classless Inter Domain Routing

CIE : NHRP Client Information Element

CIP : Carrier Idenfication Parameter

CLP : Classical IP over ATM

CIR : Committed Information Rate

CISC : Complex Instruction-Set Computer

CL : Connectionless

CL : Current Loop

CLAD : Cell Assembly And Disassembly

CLNAP : Connectionless Network Access Ptotocol

CLNP : Connectionless Network Protocol

CLNS : Connectionless Network Service

CLP : Cell Loss Priority

CLR : Cell Loss Ratio

CLS : Connectionless Server

CLSF : Connectionless Service Function

CLTP : ConnectionLess Transport Protocol

CLV : Constant Linear Velocity

CMC : Cellular Mobile Carrier

CME : Component Management Entity

CMI : Coded Mark Inversion

CMIP : Common Management Information Protocol

CMIS : Common Management Information Service

CMISE : Common Management Information Service Element

CMM : Capability Maturity Model

CMOS RAM : Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory

CMOT : Common Management information protocol Over TCP/IP

CMR : Cell Misinsertion Rate

CN : Copy Network

CNM : Customer Network Management

CNS : Car Navigation System

CO : Central Office

CO : Connection Oriented

COD : Connection Oriented Data

CODEC : Coder/Decoder

COM : Continuation of Message

COBOL : Common Business Oriented Language

COBRA : Common Object Request Broker Architecture

CoS : Class of Service or Classes of Services

COS : Corperation for Open Systems International

COSINE : Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe

CP : Connection Processor

CP : Control Plane

CPCS : Common Part Convergence Sublayer

CPE : Customer Premises Equipment

CPFSK : Continuous Phase frequency Shift Keying

CPI : Common Part Indicator

CPN : Calling Party Number

CPN : Customer Premises Network

CPS : Content Provider System

CPU : Central Processing Unit

CQM : Channel Quality Measurement

Crankback IE : Crankback-Information Element

CRC : Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC : Cyclic Redundancy Code

CRCG : Common Routing Connection Group

CR-LDP : Constraint-based Routing LDP

CRM : Customer Relationship Management

CRT : Cathode Ray Tube

CS : Convergence Sublayer

CS : Carrier Selection

CS1 : Capability Set One

CS2 : Capability Set Two

CSA : Carrier Serving Area

CSI : Convergence Sublayer Indication

CSMA/CD : Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Detection

CSP : Computer Service Provider

CSPDN : Circuit Switched Public Data Network

CSPF : Constraint-based Shortest Path First

CSR : Cell Missequenced Ratio

CSR : Cell Switch Router

CSU : Channel Service Unit

CT : Cordless Telephone

CT2 : Cordless Telephone 2

CTD : Cell Transfer Delay

CTI : Computer Telephony Integration

CTIA : Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association

CTP : Connection Termination Point

CTR : Common Technical Regulations

CTS : Conformance Testing Service

CTV : Cell Tolerance Variation

CUG : Closed Users Group

CUI : character User Interface

CVSM : Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation

CV : Constant Voltage

CW : Continuous Wave

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DA : Destination MAC address

DA : Destination Address

D/A : Digital to Analog

DAB : Digital Audio Broadcasting

DAC : Digital-Analog Converter

DAMPS : Digital AMPS

DAL : Data Access Line

DANTE : Delivery of Advanced Netwrok Technology to Europe

DAP : Directory Access Protocol

DARC : Data Radio Channel

DARPA : Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency

DAS : Direct Attached Storage

DAT : Digital Audio Tape

DAVIC : Digital Audio Visual Council

dB : Decibel

dBc : Decibel below carrier

DBMS : Data Base Management System

dBm : Decibel(relative to 1mW)

DBM : Direct Balanced Mixer

DBR : Deterministic Bit Rate

DBR : Data Burst Randmizer

DBR : Deterministic Bit Rate

DBS : Direct Broadcast Satellites

DBR : Deterministic Bit Rate

dBW : Decibel(relative to 1 Watt)

DC : Device Control

DC : Direct Current

DCC : Data Country Code

DCC : Digital Color Code

DCE : Data Communication Equipment

D-Channel : Data Channel

DCS : Digital Cellular System

DCT : Discrete Cosine Tranform

DD : Depacketization Delay

DDCMP : Digital Data Communication Message Protocol

DDD : Direct Distance Dialing

DDN : Defence Data Network

DDS : Dataphone Digital Services

DE : Discard Eligible

DECT : Digital Enhanced Cordless Technologies

DECT : Digital European Cordless Telephone

DES : Data Encryption Standard

DES : Destination End System

DFS : Distributed File Service

DFT : Discrete Fourier Transform

DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DIC : Digital Interface Card

DIMM : Dual Inline Memory Module

DIN : Deutsches Institute for Normung

DOI : Digital Object Identifier

DIP : Dual Inline Package

DIS : Draft International Standard

DiffServ : Differentiated Service

DLC : Data Link Control

DLC : Digital Loop Carrier

DLCI : Data Link Connection Identifier

DLL : Data Link Layer

DLSw : Data Link Switching

DMA : Direct Memory Address

DMDD : Distributed Multiplexing Distributed Demultipexing

DMM : Digital Multi Meter

DMT : Discrete Multi-Tone

DN : Distribution Network

DNS : Domain Name System

DOI : Digital Object Identifier

DOCSIS : Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification

DOS : Disk Operating System

DP : Dial Pulse

DP : Data Processing

DPLL : Digital PLL

DPSK : Differential Phase Shift Keying

DQDB : Dual Queue Dual Bus (IEEE 80.6 Metropolitan Area Network protocol)

DQPSK : Differentially encoded Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

DR : Digit receiver

DR : Dynamic Range

DRAM : Dynamic Random Access Memory

DREN : Defence Research and Engineering Network

DRM : Digital Rights Management

DS : Differentiated Service

DS0 : Digital Signal Level 0

DS1 : Digital Siganal Level 1

DS3 : Digital Signal Level 3

DS : Direct Sequence

DSA : Differentiated Service Architecture

DSBM : Designated Subnet Bandwidth Manager

DSE: Distributed Single Layer Embedded Test Method

DSID : Destination Signaling Identifier

DSL : Digital Subscriber Line

DSL : Digital Subscriber Loop

DSLAM : Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

DSMA/CD : Digital Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect

DSM-CC : Digital Storage Media-Control Commands

DSO : Document Services Office

DSP : Digital Signal Processing

DSR : Distributed Speech Recognition

DSRM : DAVIC System Reference Model

DSU : Digital Service Unit

DSVD : Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data

DTD : Document Type Definition

DTE : Data Terminal Equipment

DTMF : Dual Tone Multi Frequency

DTP : Distributed Transaction Processing

DTR : Data Terminal Ready

DTS : Distributed Time Service

DTTB : Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting

DVB : Digital Video Broadcast

DVD : Digital Video Disk

DVI : Digital Video Interactive

DVMRP : Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

DWMT : Discrete Wavelet Multi-Tone

DXI : Data Exchange Interface

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EACK : Extended ACKnowledgement

EAI : Enterprise Application Integration

EBCDIC : Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

EBON : European Backbone Network

EC : European Community

ECC : Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem

ECC : Error Correcting Code

ECL : Emitter Coupled Logic

ECM : Entitlement Control Message

ECMA : European Computer Manufactures Association

ECSA : Exchange Carriers Standards Association

EDB : Enhanced Digital Broadcast

EDI : Electronic Data Interchange(전자문서 교환)

EDMS : Electronic Document Management System

EFCI : Explicit Forward Congestion Indicator

EDMS : Electronic Document Management System(전자문서 관리 시스템)

EGA : Enhanced Graphics Adapter

EGP : Exterior Gateway Protocol

EIA : Electronics Industry Association

EII : European Information Infrastructure

ELAN : Emulated LAN

ELF : Extremly Low Frequency

E-MAIL : Electronic Mail

EMC : Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMF : Electromagnetic Field

EMI : Electromagnetic Interference

EMR : Electromagnetic Radiation

EMS : Expanded Memory Specification

ENIAC : Electronic Numerical Integrater and Computer

EO : End Office

EOM : End of Message

EOT : End Of Transmission

EPD : Early Packet Discard

EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EROD : Erasable Rewritable Optical Disc

ERP : Enterprise Resource Planning

ESM : Enterprise Security Management

E-TACS : Extended Total Access Communication System

E-TDMA : Enhanced TDMA(with DSI-Digital Speech Interpolation)

ETAG : End Tag

ETE : End-to-End

ETRI : Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

ETSI : European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EV : Electron Volt

EWOS : European Workshop for Open System

EXM : Exit Message

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FA : Forwarding Adjacency

FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions

FC : feedback Control

FCC : Federal Communications Commission

FCFS : First-Come First-Service

FCS : Fast Circuit Switching

FCS : Frame Ckeck Sequence

FDC : Floppy Disk Controller

FDD : Floppy Disk Drive

FDD : Frequency Division Duplex

FDDI : Fiber Distribution Data Interface

FDM : Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access

FEBE : Far End Block Error

FEC : Forward Error Correction

FECN : Forward Explicit Congestion Notification

FEP : Front-End Processor

FER : frame Error Rate

FERF : Far End Receive Failure

FF : Flip Flop

FFOL : FDDI Follow-On LAN

FFT : Fast Fourier Transform

FH : Fiber Hub

FIFO : First In First Out

FILO : First In Last Out

FIN : FINish flag

FIPA : Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agent

FM : Frequency Modulation

FOCC : Forward Analog Control Channel

FOD : Fax On Demand

FORTRAN : FORmula TRANslation

FP : Floating Point

FPLMTS : Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System

FPU : Floating Point Unit

FR : Frame Relay

FRS : Frame Relay Service

FSK : Frequency Shift Keying

FTP : File Transfer Protocol

FTR : Full Text Retrieval

FTTB : Fiber To The Building

FTTC : Fiber To The Curb

FTTH : Fiber To The Home

FUNI : Frame User Network Interface

FTTO : Fiber To The Office

FVC : Forward Analog Voice Channel

FYI : For Your Information

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GaAs : Gallium Arsenide

GAP : Generic Address Parameter

GATT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GBBC : GSM Baseband Codec

GCID : Global Call Identifier

GCID-IE : Global Call Identifier-Information Element

GCRA : Generic Cell Rate Algorithm

GDMO : Guidelines for Definition of Managed Objects

GDS : Global Directory Service

GFC : Generic Flow Control

GFLOPS : Billions of FLOating Point operations per Second

GFSK : gaussian frequency Shif Keying

GGP : Gateway to Gateway Protocol

GHz : Giga Hertz

GIF : Graphics Interchange Format

GII : Global Information Infrastructure

GIPS : Giga Instruction Per Second

GIS : Geographic Information System

GKS : Graphical Kernel System

GMPCS : Global Mobile Personal Communications System

GMPLS : Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching

GMSK : Gaussian-filtered Minimum Shift Keying

GND : GrouND

GOLD : GSM One-Chip Logic Device

GOSIP : Government Open Ssystems Interconnection Profile

GPIP : General Purpose Interface Bus

GPS : Global Positoning System

GRC : Generic Reference Configuration

GSM : Global System for Mobile Communications

GUI : Graphical User Interface

GW : Giga Watt

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HAL : Hardwired Array Logic

HAN : Highly Advanced National project

HAN : Home ATM Network

HBT : Heterojucion Bipolar Transistor

HC : High speed Cmos

HCC : Host Call Control

HCI : Human Computer Interaction

HCPI : Higher Layer Protocol Identifier

HCT : High speed Cmos Ttl thresholds

HD : High density

HDB3 : High Density Bipolar 3

HDD : Hard Disk Drive

HDML : Handheld Device Markup Language

HDLC : High-level Data Link Control

HDSL : High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line

HDTP : Handheld Device Transport Protocol

HDTV : High Definition TeleVision

HDX : Half Duplex

HE : HeadEnd

HEC : Header Error Check

HEC : Header Error Control

HEL : Header Extension Length

HF : High Frequency

HFC : Hybrid Fiber Coaxial

HFR : Hybrid Fiber Radio

HFS : Hierachical File System

HGML : Hyper Graphics Markup Language

HIC : Hybrid Integrated Circuit

HIPPI : High Performance Parallel Interface

HLPI : Higher Layer Protocol Identifier

HLR : Home Location Register

HMSC : Human Machine Service Consumer

HOL : Head of Line

HPF : High Pass Filter

HPC : Hand Held PC

HSM : Hierarchical Storage Management

HSSI : High-Speed Serial Interface

HSTP : High Speed Transfer Protocol

HTML : HyperText Markup Language

HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HW : Hardware

Hz : Hertz

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IAA : Initial Address Acknowledgment

IAB : Internet Architecture Board

IAM : Initial Address Message

IANA : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IAR : Initial Address Reject

IBSP : Internet Business Solutions Provider

IC : Initial Cell Rate

IC : Intergrated Circuit

ICCB : Internet Control and Configuration Board

ICD : International Code Designator

ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol

ICW : Interactive Courseware

IDB : Interactive Digital Broadcast

IDC : Internet Data Center

IDE : Intergrated Device Electronics

IDE : Intelligent Drive Electronics

IDL : interface Definition Language

IDSL : ISDN Digital Subscriber Line

IDU : Interface Data Unit

IE : Information Element

IEC : International Electrotechnical Committee

IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEN : Internet Engineering Notes

IESG : Internet Engineeting Steering Group

IETF : Internet Engineering Task Force

IF : Intermediate Frequency

IFF : Interfrequency Filter

IFFF : Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

IGMP : Internet Group Multicast Protocol

IGP : Interior Gateway Protocol

IIR : Infinite Impulse Response(filter)

IISP : Information Infrastructure

ILEC : Independent Local Exchange Carrier

ILMI : Interim Link Management Interface

ILMI : Interim Local Management Interface

IM : Intermodulation

IMD :Intermodulation Distortion

IME : Interface Management Entity

IMR : Intermodulation Distortion Ratio

IMT2000: International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

IMTC : International Multimedia Teleconferencing Cosortium

IN : Intelligent Network

INOC : Internet Network Operations Center

I/O : Input/Output

ION : Internetworking Over NBMA(Non-Broadcast Multi-Access)

IP : Intelligent Peripheral

IP : Internet Protocol

IP : Information Provider

IP : Intercept Point

IPCF : International Powerline Communications Forum

IPF : International Powerline Forum

IPng : Internet Protocol Next Generation

IPOA : Ip over ATM

IPv4 : Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6

I-PNNI : Integrated Private Network Network Interface

IPX : Internet Packet eXchange

IRC : Internet Relay Chat

IRTF : Internet Research Task Force

ISDB : Integrated Service Digital Broadcasting

ISDN : Integrated Services Data Network

IS-IS : Intermediate System to Intermediate System

ISM : Industrial scientific Medical(frequency band)

ISN : Information Systems Network

ISO : International Standard Organization

ISOC : Internet Society

ISP : Internet Service Provider

ISSLL : Integrated Services over Specific Link Layers

ISUP : ISDN User PART

IT : Information Technology

ITI : Internet Telephony Integration

ITS : Intelligent Traffic System

ITU-T : International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications sector

IWF : Interworking Function

IWU : Interworking Unit

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

JDC : Japanese Digital Carrier

JIS : Japan Industrial Standard

JISC : Japan Industrial Standards Association

JPEG : Joint Photographic Expert Group

JSA : Japan Standards Association

JTAPI : Java Telephony Application Programmable Interface

JTC-1 : Joint Technical Committee-1

JUG : Joint Users Group

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

K : Kilo

KA : KiloAmpere

KBS : Korea Bureau of Standards

KBPS : KiloBits Per Second

KEV : Kilo Electron Volts

KII : Korea Information Infrastructure

KMS : Knowledge Management System

KOD : Karaoke on Demand

KORNET : KORea backbone NETwork for Internet Connectivity

KREONet : Korea Research Environment Open Network

KREN : Korea Education Network

KT : Korea Telecom

KTS : Key Telephone System

KVA : Kilo Volt Amperes

KWH : Kilo Watt Hours

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

L2TP : Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

LAN : Local Area Network

LANE : LAN Emulation

LAPB : Link Access Procedure Balanced

LAPD : Link Access Procedure on D channel

LAT : Local-Area Transport

LATA : Local Access and Transport Area

LB : Leaky Bucket

LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

LCM : Long Code Mask

LD : LAN Destination

LDAP : Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

LD-CELP : Low Delay Code Exited Linear Prediction

LDP : Label Distribution Protocol

LE : LAN Emulation

LE-ARP : LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol

LEC : Local Exchange Carrier

LEC : LAN Emulation Client

LECID : LAN Emulation Client Identifier

LECS : LAN Emulation Configuration Server

LED : Light Emitting Diode

LEO : Low Earth Orbit

LES : LAN Emulation Server

LF : Loop Filter

LF : Low Frequency

LFSR : Linear Feedback Shift Register

LIFO : Last In First Out

LIJP : Leaf Initiated Joint Parameters

LIS : Logical IP Subnetwork

LIV : Link Integrity Verification

LLATMI : Lower Layer ATM Interface

LLC : Logical Link Control

LLC/SNAP : Logical Link Control/Subnetwork Access Protocol

LMCS : Local Multipoint Communication Service

LMDS : Local Multipoint Distribution Service

LMDS : Local Multipoint Distribution System

LMI : Layer Management Interface

LMP : Link Management Protocol

LNA : Local Numbering Area

LOC : Loss of Cell delineation

LOF : Loss of Frame

LOS : Line Of Sight

LOS : Loss of Signal

LP : Low Pass

LPC : Linear Predictive Coding

LPC : Line Per Channel

LPF : Low Pass Filter

LPLL : Linear PLL

LSA : Link State Advertisement

LSB : Least Significant Bit

LSD : Least Significant Digit

LSI : Large-Scale Integrated Circuit

LSP : Label Switched Path

LSP : Line Spectral Pair

LSR : Label Switching Router

LSR : Leaf Setup Request

LT : Lower Tester

LTE : Line Terminating Equipment

LTH : Length Field

LTV : Life Time Value

LW : Long Wave

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

M2M : Marketplace to Marketplace

MA : Maintenance and Adaptation

MAC : Medium Access Control

MAC : Mobile Attenuation Code

MAHO : Mobile Assisted Handoff

MAN : Metropolitan Area Network

MANET : Mobile Ad-hoc Network

MARS : Multicast Address Resolution Server

MB : MegaBytes

MBONE : Multicast backBONE

MBPS : Million Bytes Per Second

MBS : Maximum Burst Size

MBS : Mobile Broadband Service

MC : Motion Compensation

MCA : Multi Channel Access

MCIS : Microsoft Commertial Internet System

MCNS : Multimedia Cable Network System

MCR : Minimum Cell Rate

MCS : Multicast Server

MCTD : Mean Cell Transfer Delay

MCU : Master Control Unit

MDSB : Mobile Data Base Station

MDSL : Multi-rate Digital Subscriber Line

ME : Mapping Entity

MESFET : Metal Schottky FET

MFSK : Multi Frequency Shift Keying

MGCP : Media Gateway Control Protocol

MHEG : Multimedia/Hypermedia information coding Expert Group

MHP : Multimedia Home Platform

MHS : Message Handling System

MIB : Management Information Base

MID : Message Identifier

MIDI : Multiple Instrument Digital Interface

MIDI : Music Instrument Digital Interface

MILNET : MILitary NETwork

MIME : Muti-purpose Internet Mail Extensions

MIN : Mobile Identification Number

MIN : Multistage Interconnection Networks

MIPS : Millions of Instruments Per Second

MISP : Mobile Internet Service Provider

MIR : Maximum Information rate

MLPPP : MultiLink Point-to-Point Protocol

MMDS : Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

MMDS : Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System

MMF : Multimode Fiber

MMIC : Monolithic Microwave IC

MMU : Memory Management Unit

MMX : Multi-Media Extension

MOD : Movies on Demand

MOD : Music on Demand

MODEM : MOdulator and DEModulator

MOM : Message Oriented Middleware

MOS : Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET

MOSFET : Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET

MOSPF : Multicast extensions to OSPF

MPC : Multimedia Personal Computer

MPC : MPOA Client

MPEG : Moving Picture Experts Group

MPEG-TS : MPEG-Transport Stream

MPLS : Multi-Protocol Label Switching

MPOA : MultiProtocol Over ATM

MPS : MPOA Server

MPU : Maximum Transmission Unit

MPU : Micro Processing Unit

MPU : Main Processing Unit

MRCS : Multi-rate Circuit Switching

MRO : Maintenance Repair and Operating

MRP : Material Resource Planning

MS : Meta signaling

MS : Mobile Sation

MSA : Metropolitan Service Area

MSAP : Management Service Access Point

MSB : Most Significant Bit

MSC : Mobile Switching Center

MSD : Most Significant Digit

MS-DOS : MicroSoft Disk Operating System

MSIN : Mobile Station Identification Number

MSK : Minimum Shift Keying

MSN : Monitoring cell Sequence Number

MSO : Multiple System Operator

MSS : Maximum Segment Size

MSVC : Meta-signaling Virtual Channel

MT : Machine Translation

MT : Message Type

MTP : Message Transfer Part

MTP : Multicast Transport Protocol

MTS : Message Telecommunications Service

MTSO : Mobile Telephone Switching Office

MTU : Maximum Transmission Unit

MTU : Message Transfer Unit

MUSICAM : Masking Pattern Adapted Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding and Multiplexing

MVDS : Microwave Video Distribution System

MWIF : Mobile Wireless Internet Forum

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NA : Network Aspects

NAK : Negative Acknowledgement

NAM : Number Assignment Module

NAMPS : Narrow Band AMPS

NANOG : North American Network Operators Group

NAP : Network Access Provider

NAPLPS : North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax

NAS : Network Application Support

NAS : Network Access Server

NAS : Network Attached Storage

NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAT : Network Address Translation

NBMA : Non-Broadcast Multiple Access

NBS : National Bureau of Standards

NC : Network Computer

NCDMA : Narrow Band CDMA

NCS : Network Computing System

NDIS : Network Driver Interface Specification

NE : Network Element

NetBIOS : Network Basic Input/Output System

NETBLT : NETwork Block Transfer

NFS : Network File System

NGI : Next Generation Internet

NHC : Next Hop Client

NHOP : Next Hop

NHRP : Next Hop Resolution Protocol

NHS : Next Hop Server

NI : Network Interconnect

NIC : Network Interface Card

NIC : Network Information Center

NID : Network Identification

NII : National Information Infrastructure

NiPC : Network Integrated PC

NIIT : National Information Infrastructure Testbed

N-ISDN : Narrowband ISDN

NIST : National Institute of Standards and Technology

NIU : Network Interface Unit

NLSP : NetWare Link State Protocol

NMS : Network Management System

NMT : Nordic Mobile Telecommunication System

NNI : Nederlands Normalisatie-Institute

NNI : Network to Network Interface

NNI : Network Node Interface

NNTP : Network News Transfer Protocol

NOC : Network Operations Center

NOI : Notice of Inquiry

NOS : Network Operating System

NP : Network Performance

NPC : Network Parameter Control

NPR : Noise Power Ratio

NREN : National Research and Educational Network

NRM : Network Resource Management

NRT-VBR : Non-Real_Time Variable Bit Rate

NRZ : Non Return to Zero

NRZI : Non Return to Zero Invert

NSAP : Network Service Access Point

NSF : National Science Foundation

NSFNET : National Science Foundation NETwork

NSP : Network Service Provider

NSR : Non-Source Routed

NSTC : National Science and Technology Council

NT : Network Terminator

NTB : Network Time Protocol

NTM : Network Traffic Management

NTT : Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation

NTSC : National Television System Committee

NVOD : Near Video On Demand

NWN : National Wireless Network

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OA : Office Automation

OA&M : Operation, Administration and Maintenance

OASIS : Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards

OCC : Optical Channel Controller

OC-n : Optical Carrier-level n

OCR : Optical Character Recognition

ODA : Open Document Architecture

ODBC : Open DataBase Connectivity

ODI : Open Data-link Interface

ODIF : Open Document Interchange Format

ODP : Open Distributed Processing

ODSI : Optical Domain Service Interconnect

OGIS : Open Geodata Interoperability Specification

OIF : Optical Interworking Forum

OLE : Object Linking and Embedding

OLI : Originating Line Information

OLTP : Online Transaction Processing

OMG : Object Management Group

ONA : Open Network Architecture

ONC : Optical Network Controller

ONU : Optical Network Unit

OOD : Object-Oriented Design

OODB : Object Oriented Data Base

OOF : Out of Frame

OOP : Object-Oriented Programming

OPCR : Originating Program Clock Reference

OQPSK : Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

OS : Operating System

OSF : Open Software Foundation

OSI : Open Systems Interconnection

OSID : Origination Signaling identifier

OSP : Operator Service Provider

OSPF : Open Shortest Path First

OSS : Operator Service Switch

OTN : Optical Transport Network

OTP : Open Trading Protocol

OUI : Organization Unique Idenfifier

OUI : Organizational Unit Idenfifier

OXC : Optical Cross Connect

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P2P : Peer to Peer

P3P : Platform for Privacy Preferences

PAD : Packet Assembler/Disassembler

PAL : Phase Alternation Line

PAM : Pulse Amplitute Modulation

PBX : Private Branch eXchange

PC : Personal Computer

PC : Priority Control

PC : Protocol Control

PCB : Printed Circuit Board

PCI : Peripheral Component Interconnect

PCI : Peripheral Component Interface

PCM : Pulse Code Modulation

PCMCIA : PC Memory Card International Association

PCN : Personal Communications Network

PCO : Point of Control and Observation

PCR : Peak Cell Rate

PCR : Program Clock Reference

PCS : Personal Communication Services

PCS : Personal Communication System

PCVC : Point to Point Switched Virtual Connections

PD : Packetization Delay

PD : Phase Detector

PDA : Personal Digital Assistant

PDH : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PDM : Pulse Duration Modulation

PDMS : Product Data Management System(제품 정보 시스템)

PDN : Public Data Network

PDU : packet Data Unit

PDU : Protocol Data Unit

PEM : Privacy Enchanced Mail

PERT : Program Evaluation and Review Technique

PF : Power Factor

PG : Power Gain

PGA : Power Grid Array

PHP : Personal Handy Phone(Japan)

PHS : Personal Hand phone System(Japan)

PHY : Physical Layer of the OSI model

PHY : Physical Layer

PIA : Peripheral Interface Adapter

PICS : Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement

PID : Protocol Identifier Governing Connection Types

PIM : Personal Information Manager

PIM : Protocol Independent Muticast

PIN : Positive Intrinsic Negative(diode)

PING : Packet InterNet Groper

PIXIT : Protocol Implementation eXtra Information for Testing

PL : Physical Layer

PL : Power Level

PLA : Programmable Logic Array

PLC : Power Line Communications

PLC : Programmable Logic Controller

PLCP : Physical Layer Convergence Protocol

PLD : Programmable Logic Device

PLL : Phase Locked Loop

PLM : Product Lifecycle Management

PLMN : Public Land Mobile Network

PLOA : Protocol Layers over ATM

PLPC : Physical Layer Convergence Protocol

PLT : Power Line Telecommunications

PM : Phase Modulation

PM : Physical Medium

PM : Pulse Modulation

PMD : Physical Layer Dependent sub-layer

PNA : Phoneline Network Alliance

PNG : Portable Network Graphics

PNNI : Private Network Node Interface

PNO : Public Network Operator

PNP : Positive Negative Positive

POD : Point Of Deployment

POH : Path Overhead

POI : Path Overhead Indicator

PON : Passive Optical Network

POP : Point of Presence

POP : Post Office Protocol

POS : Point of Sale

POTS : Plain Old Telephone Service

PPD : Partial Packet Discard

PPM : Pulse Per Million

PPP : Point-to-Point Protocol

PPS : Pulse Per Second

PRI : Primary Rate Interface

PRM : Partner Relation Management

PRN : Pseudo Random Noise

PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory

PSA : Professional Service Automation

PSD : Power Spectral Density

PSDN : Packet Switched Data Network

PSG : Programmable Sound Generator

PSK : Phase Shift Keying

PSS : Performance Support System

PSTN : Public Switched Telephone Network

PT : Payroad Type

PT : Pocket Telephone

PTF : Powerline Telecommunications Forum

PTI : Payload Type Identifier

PTN : Personal Telephone Number

PUP : Parc Universal Packet

PUREG : Power Up Registration

PVC : Permanent Virtual Channel

PVC : Permanent Virtual Circuit

PVCC : Permanent Virtual Channel Connection

PVP : Permanent Virtual Path

PVPC : Permanent Virtual Path Connection

PWM : Pulse Width Modulation

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QA : Quality Assurance

QAM : Quadrature Amplitute Modulation

QC : Quality Control

QD : Queuing Delay

QFC : Quantum Flow Control

QoS : Quality of Service

QPSK : Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

QPSX : Queue Packet and Synchronous Circuit Exchange

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

R&D : Research and Development

RA : Radiocommunication Assembly

RACE : Research and development in Advanced Communications technologies for Europe

R-ADSL : Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line

RAI : Remote Alarm Indication

RAID : Redundant Array of Independent Disk

RAM : Random Access Memory

RAMP : Reliable Adaptive Milticast Protocol

RARP : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

RASP : Remote Antenna Signal Processor

RBB : Residential Broadband

RBOC : Regional Bell Operating Company

RC : Radio Control

RC : Routing Control

RCC : Radio Common Carrier

RCU : Remote Cell Unit

RD : Route Descriptor

RDF : Remote Decrease Factor

RDI : Remote Defect Idenfication

RDI : Remote Defect Indication

RDP : Reliable Datagram Protocol

RDS : Radio Data System

RECC : Reverse Analog Control Channel

RED : Random Early Detection

REL : Release Message

RELP : Residual-Excited Linear Predictive Coding

RF : Radio Frequency

RFC : Request For Comments

RFI : Radio Frequency Interference

RFIC : Radio Frequency IC

RGB : Red-Green-Blue

RI : Routing Information

RII : Routing Information Indicator

RIP : Routing Information Protocol

RITL : Radio-in-the-Loop

RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computer

RJE : Remote Job Entry

RLC : Release Computer

RM : Resource Management

RMFP : Reliable Multicast Framing Protocol

RMP : Reliable Multicast Framework

RMS : Root Mean Square

ROADS : Running Out of ADress Space

ROM : Read Only Memory

ROLC : Routing Over Large Clouds

RPC : Remote Procedure Call

RPE-LTP : Regular Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction

RPM : Revolutions Per Minute

RSA : Rural Service Area

RSSI : Radio Signal Strength Indicator

RSVP : ReSource reserVation Protocol

RT : Real Time

RT : Remote Terminal

RTCP : RTP Control Protocol

RTD : Research & Technology Development

RTI : Real Time Interrupt

RTL : Resistor Transistor Logic

RTO : Round Trip time-Out

RTOS : Real Time Operating System

RTP : Realtime Transport Protocol

RTS : Request To Send

RTS : Residual Time Stamp

RTSP : Real Time Streaming Protocol

RTT : Round Trip Time

RT-VBR : Real-Time Variable Bit Rate

RU : Replication Unit

RVC : Reverse Analog Voice Channel

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SA : Source MAC address

SAAL : Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer

SACK : Selective ACKnowledgement

SAN : Storage Area Network

SAP : Service Access Point

SAP : Session Announcement Protocol

SAR : Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer

SAW : Surface Acoustic Wave

SAT : Supervisory Audio Tone

SB-ADPCM : Sub Band-Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation

SBC : Single Board Computer

SCCP : Signaling Connection Control Part

SCI : Science Citation Index

SCI : Serial Communication Interface

SCM : Station Class Mrk

SCP : Service Control Point

SCR : Sustainable Cell Rate

SCSI : Small Computer System Interface

SCSP : Server Cache Synchronization Protocol

SDCC : Supplementary Digital Color Code

SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDLC : Synchronous Data Link Control

SDML : Signed Document Markup Language

SDP : Session Description Protocol

SDU : Service Data Unit

SDR : Session DiRectory

SE : switching Element

SE : System Engineer

SEAL : Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer

SECAM : Sequential Couleur a Memoire

SET : Secure Electronic Transaction

SF : Switching Fabric

SFS : System-level File Server

SG : Signal Ground

SGCP : Simple Gateway Control Protocol

SGM : Segmentation Message

SGML : Standard Generalized Markup Language

SGMP : Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol

SGW : Service Gateway

SI : Service information

SI : System Integration

SID : Signaling Identifier

SID : System Identification

SIM : Subscriber Interface Module

SIMM : Single Inline Memory Module

SIO : Serial Input and Output

SIP : Session Initiation Protocol

SIP : Simple IP

SIPP : Simple Internet Protocol Plus

SIPP : SMDS Interface Protocol

SIR : Sustained Information Rate

SLA : Service Level Agreement

SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol

SMC : Sleep Mode Connection

SMDS : Switched Multi-megabit Data Services

SMF : Single Mode Fiber

SMIL : Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language

SMS : Short Message Service

SMS : Service Management System

SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNA : Storage Area Network

SN : Sequence Number

SN : Service Node

S/N : Signal to Noise

SNA : System Network Architecture

SNAP : Sub Network Access Protocol

SNMP : simple Network Management Protocol

SNP : Sequence Number Protection

SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio

SO : Serail Output

SOA : Start Of Authority

SOH : Section Overhead

SOHO : Small Office Home Office

SONAR : SOund NAvigation and Ranging

SONET : Synchronous Optical NETwork

SP : Stack Pointer

SP : Signal Processor

SP : Switching Point

SPCS : Stored Program Controlled Switch

SPE : Synchronous Payload Envelope

SPF : Shortest Path First

SPI : Serial to Parallel Interface

SPID : Service Protocol Identifier

SPL : Sound Pressure Level

SPLL : Software PLL

SPS : Service Provider System

SPTS : Single Program Transport Stream

SQL : Structured Query Language

SR : Shift Register

SR : Source Routing

SRAM : Static Random Access Memory

SRC : Strategic Review Committee

SRF : Specifically Routed Frame

SRM : Scalable Reliable Multicast

SRT : Specifically Routing Transparent

SRTS : Synchronous Residual Time Stamp

SS : Spread Spectrum

SSB : Single Sideband

SSCF : Service Specific Coordination Protocol

SSCOP : Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol

SSCS : Service Specific Convergence Sublayer

SSD : Share Secret Data

SSL : Secure Socket Layer

SSP : Service Switching Point

SST : Secure Transaction Technology

ST : Segment Type

ST : Signaling Tone

ST-II : Stream Transport protocol-II

STB : Set Top Box

STE : Section Terminating Equipment

STE : Spanning Tree Explorer

STM : Synchronous Transfer Mode

STP : Signaling Transfer Point

STP : Shielded Twisted Pair

STS : Synchronous Time Stamp

STS-n : Synchronous Transport Signal-n

STU : Set Top Unit

SUT : System Under Test

SVB : switched Video Broadcasting

SVC : Switched Virtual Channel

SVC : Switched Virtual Connection (ATM)

SVCI : Switched Virtual Circuit Identifier

S-VGA : Super Video Graphics Array

SVP : Switched Virtual Path

SW : Short Wave

SWG : Sub-Working Group

SWR : Standing Wave Ratio

SWS : Silly Window Syndrome

SYN : SYNchronizing segment

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TA : Terminal Adapter

TACS : Total Access Communication System

TAPI : Telephony Application Programmable Interface

TASI : Time Assignment Speech Interpolation

TB : Tranparent Bridging

TC : Transaction Capabilities

TC : Tranmission Convergence

TCAP : Transaction Capabilities Application Part

TCI : Test Cell Input

TCO : Test Cell Output

TCP : Transmission Control Protocol

TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCS : Transmission Convergence Sublayer

TCXO : Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator

TD : Tunnel Diode

TDD : Time Division Duplex

TDJ : Transfer Delay Jitter

TDM : Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access

TDX : Time Division Switching system

TE : Terminal Equipment

TEI : Terminal Endpoint Identifier

TFTP : Trivial File Transfer Protocol

THD : Total Harmonic Distortion

TIA : Telecommunication Industry Association

TIPS : Tera Instruction Per Second

TLI : Transport Layer Interface

TLV : Type/Length/Value

TM : Traffic Management

TMN : Telecommunications Management Network

TMP : Test Management Protocol

TMSWG : Traffic Management Sub-Working Group

TMTP : Tree-based Multicast Transport Protocol

TNS : Transit Network Selection

TO : Telecommunications Operator

TOLR : Transmit Objective Loudness Rating

TOPS : Traffic Operator Position System

TOS : Type Of Service

TPCC : Third Party Call Control

TPEG : Transport Protocol Experts Group

TPON : Telephony over Passive Optical Network

TR : Transmitter

TRPB : Truncated Reverse Path Broadcast

TRS : Telecommunications Relay Services

TRS : Trunked Radio Service

TS : Time Sharing

TS : Time Stamp

TS : Transport Stream

TS : Time Slot

TSAP : Transport Service Access Point

TSPS : Traffic Service Position System

TTA : Telecommunications Technology Committee

TTL : Time To Live

TTL : Transistor Transistor Logic

TTS : Text-to-Speech conversion

TV : TeleVision

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UA : User Agent

UART : Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter

UBR : Unspecified Bit Rate

UCT : Universal Coordinated Time

UDP : User Datagram Protocol

UDSL : Unidirectional HDSL(High data rate Digital Subscriber Line)

UE : User Element

UHF : Ultra High Frequency

UHV : Ultra High Vacuum

UI : User Interface

UIFN : Universal International Freephone Number

uKorea : Ubiquitous Korea

ULP : Upper Layer Protocol

UMA : Universal Multimedia Access

UMS : Unified Messaging System

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service

UNI : User Network Interface

UP : User Plane

UPC : Usage Parameter Control

UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply

UPT : Universal Personal Telecommunications

URL : Uniform Resource Locator

URSI : Union Radio Scientifique International

UT : Upper Tester

UTC : Universal Time Code

UTOPIA : Universal Test & Operations PHY Interface for ATM

UTP : Unshielded Twisted Pair

UUCP : Unix to Unix Copy Program

UUCP : Unix-to-Unix Communication Protocol

UV : UltraViolet

UVA : UltraViolet Alpha

UVB : UltraViolet Beta

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VA : Volt Ampere

VAN : Value Added Network

VASP : Value Added Service Provider

VAT : Visual Audio Teleconferencing

vBNS : very high performance Backbone Network Service

VC : Virtual Connection (ATM)

VCH : Virtual Channel Handler

VCC : Virtual Channel Connection

VCI : Virtual Channel Identifier

VCI : Virtual Circuit Identifier

VCI : Virtual Connection Identifier

VCO : Voltage-Controlled Oscillator

VCR : Video Cassette Recorder

VCVS : Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source(filter)

VDT : Video Display Terminal

VDSL : Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line

VESA : Video Electronics Standards Association

VFW : Video Graphics Windows

VGA : Video Graphics Array

VHDL : Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language

VHF : Very High Frequency

VHS : Video Home System

VIC : Video Conference

VIP : Video Information Provider

VLAN : Virtual Local Area Network

VLB : VESA Local Bus

VLF : Very Low Frequency

VLR : Visitor Location Register

VLSI : Very Large Scale Integration

VML : Vector Markup Language

VMTP : Versatile Message Tranfer Protocol

VOD : Video On Demand

VP : Virtual Path

VPI : Virtual Path Identifier

VPIM : Voice Profile for Internet Messaging

VPH : Virtual Path Handler

VPN : Virtual Private Network

VP/VC : Virtual Path, Virtual Circuit

VPC : Virtual Path Connection

VPCI/VCI : Virtual Path Connection Identifier/Virtual Channel Identifier

VPI : Virtual Path Identifier

VQ : Vector Quantization

VR : Virtual Reality

VRAM : Video Random Access Memory

VRML : Virtual Reality Modeling Language

VRTP : Virtual Reality Transfer Protocol

VS : Virtual Scheduling

VSAT : Very Small Aperture satellite Terminals

VSAT : Very Small Aperture Terminal

VSELP : Vector Sum Excited Linear Predictive Coding(IS-54 speech encoding)

VSWR : Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

VT : Vertual Terminal

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

W3C : World Wide Web Consortium

WAIS : Wide Area Information Server

WAN : Wide Area Network

WAP : Wireless Application Protocol

WARC : World Administrative Radio Conference

WAS : Web Application Server

WATS : Wide Area Telecommunications Service

WBI : Web Based Instruction

WCPE : Wireless Customer Premises Equipment

WD : Working draft

WDM : Wavelength Division Multiplexing

WG : Working Group

WFQ : Weighted Fair Queuing

WLAN : Wireless LAN

WLL : Wireless Local Loop

WML : Wireless Markup Language

WORM : Write Once Read Many

WP : World Processor

WS : Workstation

WSCI : Web Service Choreography Interface

WSCL : Web Service Conversation Language

WSFL : Web Service Flow Language

WTO : World Trade Organization

WWW(W3) : World Wide Web

WYSIWYG : What You See Is What You Get

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

XDR : eXternal Data Representation

XML : eXtensible Markup Language

XMTR : Transmitter

XNS : Xerox Network System

X/OPEN : UNIX-Open Systems

XOR : Exclusive-OR gate

XTALK : Crosstalk

XSL : eXtensible Stylesheet Language

XTP : eXpress Transfer Protocol

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Y2k : Year 2000

YAG : Yttrium Aluminum Garnet

YIG : Yttrium Iron Garnet

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

저작자표시

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GSM약어 (6)	2011.04.25

GSM약어

2011. 4. 25. 19:47

GSM 공부하면서 나왔던 약어들이에요.
참고하세요.

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

3PTY Three Party Service

8-PSK 8-Phase Shift Keying

A3,A5,A8 Encryption Algorithms

A3 Authentication algorithm A3

A38 A single algorithm performing the function of A3 and A8

A5/1 Encryption algorithm A5/1

A5/2 Encryption algorithm A5/2

A5/X Encryption algorithm A5/0-7

A8 Ciphering key generation algorithm A8

AB Access Burst

AC Authentication Code

Access Class (C0 to C15)

Application Context

ACC Automatioc Congestion Control

ACCH Associated Control CHannel

ACP Adjacent Channel Power

ACK Acknowledgement

Abis BTS-BSC interface

ACELP Algebraic Code Excitation Linear Prediction

ACM Address Complete Message

Accumulated Call Meter

ACSE Association Control Service Element

ACU Antenna Combining Unit

ADC ADministration Centre

Analogue to Digital Converter

ADN Abbereviated Dialling Number

ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

AE Application Entity

AEC Acoustic Echo Control

AGCH Access Grant Channel

Ai Action indicator

A-MAP A-field MAP

AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate (codec)

ANM Answer Message

AoC Advice of Charge

AoCc Advice Of Charging Charging

AoCi Advice of Charging Information

ARC Access Right Class

ARD Access Right Details

ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

ARI Access Right Identity

ARQ Automatic ReQuest for Retransmission

ASCI Advanced Speech Call Items

ASE Application Service Element

ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation one

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATT ATTach

AU Access Unit

AuC Authentication Center

AUT(H) AUThentication

BA BCCH allocation

BAIC Barring of All Incomming Calls

BAOC Barring of All outgoing Calls

BCC Base Transceiver Station Color Code

BCH Broadcast Channel

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BCD Binary Coded Decimal

BCF Base station Control Function

BCIE Bearer Capability Information Element

BCS Block Check Sequence

BER Bit Error Rate

BFI Bad Frame Indication

BG Border Gateway

BIC-Roam Barring of Incoming Calls When Roaming Outside the Home PLMN

B-ISDN Broadband ISDN

Bm Mobile B Channel

BN Bit Number

BO all Baring of Outgoing call supplementary services

BOIC Barring of Outgoing International Calls

BOIC-exHC Barring of Outgoing International Calls except those to Home PLMN

BCD Binary Coded Decimal

BCM Broadcast Control Message

B-MAP B-field MAP

BMC Broadcast Message Control

BS Slow Broadcast Channel

Basic service (group)

Bearer Service

BSC Base Station Controller

BSG Basic service Group

BSIC Base Tranceiver Station Identity Code

BSIC-NCELL BSIC of an adjacent cell

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BSSAP Base Station System Application Part

BSSAP+ Base Station System Application Part+

BSSGP Base Station System GPRS Application Protocol

BSSMAP Base Station System Management Appliccation Part

BSSOMAP Base station System Operation and Maintenance Application Part

BTS Base Transceiver station

BTSM Base Transceiver Station Management

C higher layer control Channel (see CS and CF)

Conditional

CA Cell Allocation

CAI Call Advice Information

CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic

CAP CAMEL Application Part

CB Cell Broadcast

CBC Connectionless Bearer Control

CBCH Cell Broadcast Channel

CBMI Cell Broadcast Message Identifier

CC Country Code

CCH Control CHannel

CCBS Completion of Call to Busy Subscriber

CCCH Common Control Channel

CCF Cluster Cotrol Function

CCFP Central Control Fixed Part

CCITT Comite Consultatif Internationale de Telegraphique et Telephonique

or Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraphy

CCM Current Call Meter

CCP Capability/Configuration Parameter

CCPE Control Channel Protocol Entity

Cct Circuit

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CDUR Chargeable DURation

CED called station identifier

CEF Central Control Function

CEFP Central Control Fixed Part

CEIR Central Equipment Identity Register

CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction Coding

CEND end of charge point

CEP Connection End Point

CEPT Conference des administrations Europeennes des Postes et Telecommunications

CF higher layer signalling Channel(fast)

CS higher layer signalling Channel(slow)

CFB Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Busy

CFNRc Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Not Reachable

CFNRy Call Forwarding on No Reply

CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional

CHP CHarging Point

CHV Card Holder Verification information

CI Cell Identifier

Common Interface

CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio

CK Cipher Key

CKSN Ciphering Key Sequence Number

C/L Connectionless

C/O Connection Oriented

CL higher layer ConnectionLess channel(protected)

CLF higher layer ConnectionLess channel(fast)

CLI Calling Line Identity

CLIP Calling Line(Number) Identification Presentation

CLIR Calling Line(Number) Identification Restriction

CLMS Connection Oriented Message Service

CLNS Connectionless Network Service

CLS higher layer ConnectionLess channel(slow)

CM Connection Management

CMC Connectionless Message Control

CMD CoMmanD

CMISE Common Management Information Service Element

CMM Channel Mode Modify

CN Core Network

CNG CalliNG tone

CODEC Corder/Decoder

COLI COnnected Line Identity

COLP Connected Line Identification Presentation

COLR Connected Line Identification Restriction

COM COMplete

COMS Connection Oriented Message Service

CONF Conference Calling

CONNACK CONNect ACKnowledgement

CONS Connection-Oriented Network Service

CPG Call Progress Message

C-Plane Control Plane

C/R Command/Response field bit

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRE Call RE establishment procedure

CSPDN Circuit Switched Public Data Network

CT Call Transfer

Call Transfer supplementary service

Channel Tester

Channel Type

CTR Common Technical Regulation

CTS Cordlesss Telephony System

CUG Closed User Group

CW Call Waiting

DAB Digital Audio Broadcast

DAC Digital to analogue Converter

DB Dummy Burst

DCCG Dedicate Control Channel

DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DCE Data Circuit terminating Equipment

DCF Data Communication Function

DCN Data Communication Network

DCS1800 Digital Cellular System at 1800MHz

DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication

DET DETach

DISC DISConnect

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DL Data Link (layer)

Dm Mobile D Channel

DLCI Data Link Connetion Identifier

DP Dial/Dialled Pulse

DNS Domain Name Service (mechanism)

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DSE Data Switching Exchange

DSI Digital Speech Interpolation

DSSI Digital subscriber Signalling No1

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

DTE Data Terminal Equipment

DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

DVB Digital Video Broadcast

EA External Alarms

EBSG Elementary Basic Service roup

ECM Error Correction Mode (facsimile)

Ec/No Ratio of energy per modulating bit to the noise spectral density

ECT Explicit call Transfer supplementary service

ECSD Enhanced Ciorcuit Switched Data

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

EEL Electric Echo Loss

EFR Enhanced Full Rate (CODEC)

EGPRS Enhanced GPRS

EIR Equipment Identity Register

EL Echo Loss

EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility

eMLPP Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption Service

EMMI Electrical Man Machine Interface

EOTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference

EPROM Ereasable Programmable Read Only Memory

ERMES European Radio Messaging Standard

ERP Ear Reference Point

Equivalent Radiated Power

ERR ERRor

ETR ETSI Technical Report

ETS European Telecommunication Standard

ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute

FA Full Allocation

Fax Adapter

FAC Final Assembly Code

FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel

FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate

FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate

FCAPS Fault. Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security

FB Frequency Correction Burst

FCCH Frequency Correction Channel

FCS Frame Check Sequence

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDM Frequency Division Multiplex

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FDN Fixed Dialling Number

FEC Foward Error Correction

FER Frame Erasure Ratio

FH Frequency Hopping

FN TDMA Frame Number

FPH Freephone Service

FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System

FR Full rate

FTAM File Transfer Access and Management

ftn forwarded-to number

GCR Group Call Register

GEA Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center

GMSC Gateway Mobile-services Switching Centre

GMM GPRS Mobility Management

GMSC Gateway MSC

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

GPA GSM PLMN Area

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GSA GSM system Area

GSC GSM Speech Codec

GSM Global system for Mobile Comunication

GSM MS GSM Mobile Station

GSM PLMN GSM Public Land Mobile Network

GSMSS GSM Satelite System

GSN GPRS Support Node

GT Global Title

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

HANDO HANDOver

HDLC High level Data Link Control

HLC High Layer Compatibility

HLR Home Location Register

HOLD Call hold supplementary service

HPLMN Home PLMN

HPU Hand Portable Unit

HR Half Rate

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Wsitched Data

HSN Hopping Sequence Number

HTML Hub]pertext Markup Language

HTTP Hypertext Transport Protocol

HU Home Units

I Information frames(RLP)

IA Incomming Access (closed user group SS)

IAM Initial Address Message

IC Interlock Code(CUG SS)

ICC Integrated Circuit(s) Card

IC(pref) Interlock Code of the preferential CUG

ICM In-Call Modification

ID IDentification/IDentity/IDentifier

IDN Integrated Digital Network

IE (signalling) Information Element

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEI Information Element Identifier

I-ETS Interim European Telecommunications Standard

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMT-2000 Internation Mobile Telephone System 2000

IN Intelligent Network

INAP Intelligent Network Application Part

IP Internet Protocol

IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4

IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6

ISC Internation Switching Center

ISDN Intergrated Services Digital Network

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISUP ISDN User Part (of signalling system No.7)

ITC Information Transfer Capability

ITU International Telecommunication Union

IWF Interworking Function

IWMSC InterWorking MSC

IWU InterWorking Unit

k Windows size

K Constraint length of the convolutional code

Kc Cipher/Decipher Key

Ki Subscriber Authentication Key

L1 Layer 1

L2ML Layer 2 Management Link

L2R Layer 2 Relay

L2RBOP Layer 2 Relay Bit-Oriented Protocol

L2RCOP Layer 2 Relay Character-Oriented Protocol

L3 Layer 3

LA Location Area

LAC Location Area Code

LAI Location Area ID

LAN Local Area Network

LAPB Link Access Protocol Balanced

LAPDm Link Access Procedure D mobile

LCN Local Communication Network

LCS Location Services

LCSC LCS Client

LCSS LCS Server

LE Local Exchange

LEO Low Earth Orbiting satellite

LI Length IndicatorLeo

Line Identity

LLC Logical Link Control layer

Lm Traffic channel with capacity lower than a Bm

LMSI Local Mobile Subscriber Identity

LMU Location Measurement Unit

LND Last Number Dialled

LPC Long Term Prediction

LPLMN Local PLMN

LR Location Register

LSTR Listener SideTone Rating

LTE Local Terminal Emulator

LU Local Units

Location Update

LV Length and Value

M Mandatory

MA Mobile Allocation

MAC Medium Access Control Layer

MACN Mobile Allocation Channel Number

MAF Mobile Additional Function

MAH Mobile Access Hunting

MAI Mobile Allocation Index

MAIO Mobile Application Part

MAP Mobile Application Part

MC Multi Carrier

MCC Mobile Country Code

MCI Malicious Call Identification

MD Mediation Device

MDL (mobile) Management (entity) Data Link (layer)

ME Maintenance Entity

Mobile Equipment

MEF Maintenance Entity Function

MEO Medium Earth Orbiting satelite

MexE Mobile Statio Application Execution Environment

MF MultiFrame

MHS Message Handling System

MIC Mobile Interface Controller

MLC Mobile Location Centre

MM Mobility Management

MME Mobile Management Entity

MMI Man Machine Management

MNC Mobile Network Code

MNS Mobile Network Signalling

MO Mobile Originated

MO-LR Mobile Originating Location Request

MOS Mean Opinion Score

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MPH (mobile) Management (entity) PHysical (layer) [primitive]

MPTY Multi Party Call

MRP Mouth Reference Point

MS Mobile Station

MSC Mobile Switching Center

MSCM Mobile Station Class Mark

MSCU Mobile Station Control Unit

MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

MSISDN Mobile Station ISDN Number

MSK Minimum Shift Keying

MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number

MSS Mobile Satellite System

MT Mobile Terminateion

MT (0,1,2) Mobile Termination

MT-LR Mobile Terminating Location Request

MTM Mobile-To-Mobile (call)

MTP Message Transfer Part

MU Mark Up

MUMS Multi Usser Mobile Station

N/W Network

NB Normal Burst

NBIN A parameter in the hopping sequence

NCC Network Colour Code

NCELL Neighbouring (of current serving) Cell

NCH Notification Channel

NDC Nation Destination Code

NDUB Network Determined User Busy

NE Network Element

NEF Network Element Function

NET Norme Europeenne de Telecommunications

NF Network Function

NIC Network Independent Clocking

NI-LR Network Induced Location Request

NM Network Management

NMC Network Management Centre

NMSI National Mobile Subscriber Identity

NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone

NPI Number Plan Indentifier

N-PDU Network Protocol Data Unit

NS Network Service

NSAP Network Service Access Point

NSAPI Network Layer Service Access Pointer Identifier

NT Network Termination

Non Transparent

NTAAB New Type Approval Advisory Board

NUA Network User Access

NUI Network User Identification

NUP National User Part (SS7)

O Optional

OA Outgoing Access (CUG SS)

O&M Operations & Maintenance

OACSU Off Air Call Set Up

OCB Outgoing Calls Barred within the CUG

OD Optional for operators to implement for their aim

OLR Overall Loudness Rating

OHG Operators Harmonization Group

OMAP Operation Maintenance and Administration Part

OMC Operation and Maintenance Center

OML Operations and Maintenance Link

OMSS Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

OS Operation System

OSI Open System Interconnection

OSI RM OSI Reference Model

P-IWMSC Packet Interworking MSC

PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchange

PACCH Packet Associated Control Channel

PAD Packet Assembly/Disassembly facility

PAGCH Packet Access Grant Channel

PAR Process Access Request

PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel

PBX Private Branch Exchange

PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel

PCH Paging Channel

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

PCN Personal Communication Network

PCS Personal Communication System

PD Protocol Discriminator

Public Data

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

PDCH Packet Data Channel

PDN Public Data Network

PDP Packet Data Protocol

PDTCH Packet Data Traffic Channel

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PH Packet Handler

PHysical (layer)

PHI Packet Handler Interface

PI Presentation Indicator

PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement

PIN Personal Identification Number

PIXT Protocol Implementation eXtra information for Testing

PLL Physical Link Layer

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PNCH Packet Notification Channel

PNE Presentation des Normes Europeennes

POI Point Of Interconnection (with PSTN)

PP Point-to-Point

PPE Primative Procedure Entity

PPCH Packet Paging Channel

PRACH Packet Random Access Channel

Pref CUG Preferential CUG

PRN Provide Roaming Number

Ps Location probability

PSK Phase Shift Keying

PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PTCCH Packet Timing Advance Control Channel

PTM Point-to-Multipoint Service

PTM-G Point-to-Multipoint Service - Group Call

PTM-M Point-to-Multipoint Service - Multicast

P-TMSI Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

PTP Point-to-Point Service

PUCT Price per Unit Currency Table

PW Pass Word

QA Q (Interface) Adapter

QAF Q Adapter Function

QN Quarter Bit Number

QoS Quality of service

R Value of Reduction of the MS transmitted RF power relative to the maximum

allowed output power of the highest power class of MS (A)

RA Rate Adaptation

Random Area

RAB Random Access Burst

RACH Random Access Channel

RAI Routing Area Identity

RAND Random Number (for authentication)

RBER Residual Bit Error Ratio

RDI Restricted Digital Information

REC RECommendation

REJ REJect(ion)

REL Release

REQ REQuest

REVC Reverse Charging

RFCH Radio Frequency Channel

RF Radio Frequency

RFC Radio Frequency Channel

RFCH Radio Frequency CHannel

RFL Physical RF Layer

RFN Redued TDMA Frame Number

RFU Reserved for Future Use

RLC Radio Link Control Layer

RLC Release Complete

RLL Radio in the Local Loop

RLP Radio Link Protocol

RLR Receiver Loudness Rating

RMS Root Mean Square (value)

RNTABLE Table of 128 integers in the hopping sequence

ROSE Remote Operation Service Element

RPE Regular Pulse Excitation

RPOA Recognised Private Operating Agency

RR Radio Resource Management

RSE Radio System Entity

RSL Radio Signalling Link

RSZI Regional Subscription Zone Identity

RTE Remote Terminal Emulator

RXLEV Received signal level

RXQUAL Received Signal Quality

S/W SoftWare

SABM Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode

SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel

SACCH/C4 Slow Associated Control CHannel/SDCCH/4

SACCH/C8 Slow Associated Control CHannel/SDCCH/8

SACCH/T Slow Associated Control CHannel/Traffic channel

SACCH/TF Slow Associated Control CHannel/Traffic channel Full rate

SACCH/TH Slow Associated Control CHannel/Traffic channel Half rate

SAP Service Access Point

SAPI Service Access Point Indicator

SAT SIM Application Toolkit

SATIG Satelite Interest Group

SB Synchronization Burst

SC Service Centre (used for SMS)

Service Code

SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part

SCH Synchronization Channel

SCN Sub Channel Number

SCP Service Control Point

SDCCH Stand-alone Dedicate Control Channel

SDL Specification Description Language

SDMA Space Division Multiple Access

SDT SDL Development Tool

SDU Service Data Unit

SE Support Entity

SEF Support Entity Function

SFH Slow Frequency Hopping

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

SI Screening Indicator

Service Interworking

Supplementary Information (SIA=Supplemenatary Information A)

SID Silence Descriptor

SIFIC Send Info For Incomming Call

SIFOC Send Info For Outgoing Call

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SLPP Subscriber LCS Privacy Profile

SLR Send Loudness Rating

SLTM Signalling Link Test Message

SM Session Management

SM-CP Short Message Control Protocol

SM-RP Short Message Relay Protocol

SME Short Message Entity

SMG Special Mobile Group

SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center

SMS Short Message Service

SMS-GMSC Short Message Service - Gateway MSC

SMS-IWMSC Short Message Service - Interworking MSC

SMS-SC Short Message Service - Service Center

SMSCB Short Message Service Cell Broadcast

SMS/PP Short Message Service/Point-to-Point

SMSS Switching and Management Subsystem

Smt Short message terminal

SN Subscriber Number

SNDCP Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNR Serial Number

Signal to Noise Ratio

SOA Suppress Outgoing Access (CUG SS)

SOSS Support of Operator Specific Service

SP Service Provider

Signalling Point

SPare

SPC Signaling Point Code

Suppress Preferential CUG

SRES Session Key (for authentication)

SRI Send Routing Info

SS Supplementary Services

System Simulator

SS7 Signalling System No. 7

SSC Supplementary Service Control string

SSL Secure Socket Layer

SSN Sub-System Number

SSP Service Switching Point

STMR SideTone Masking Rating

STP Signalling Transfer Point

SVN Software Version Number

T Timer

Transparent

Type only

TA Terminal Adaptor

Timing Advance

TAC Type Approval Code

TACS Total Acceess System

TAF Terminal Adaptation Function

TBF Temporary Block Flow

TBR Technical Basis for Regulation

TC Transaction Capabilities

TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part

TCH Traffic Channel

TCH/F A full rate TCH

TCH/F2,4 A full rate data TCH (?2,4kbit/s)

TCH/F4,8 A full rate date TCH (4,8kbit/s)

TCH/F9,6 A full rate data TCH (9,6kbit/s)

TCH/FS A full rate Speech TCH

TCH/H A half rate TCH

TCH/H2,4 A half rate data TCH (?2,4kbit/s)

TCH/H4,8 A half rate data TCH (4,8kbit/s)

TCH/HS A half rate Speech TCH

TCI Transceiver Control Interface

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TC-TR Technical Committee Technical Report

TD-CDMA Time Division CDMA

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDMA Time Division Muntiple Access

TD-SCDMA Time Divisio Synchronous CDMA

TE Terminal Equipment

Tei Terminal endpoint identifier

TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio

TFA TransFer Allowed

TFI Temporary Flow Identifier

TFO Tandem Free Operation

TFP TransFer Prohibited

TI Transaction Identifier

TID Tunel Identifier

TLLI Temporary Logical Link Identifier

TLS Transport Layer Security

TLV Type, Length and Value

TMN Telecommunication Management Network

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TN Time Slot Number

TOA Time of Arrival

TON Type Of Number

TRX Transceiver

TS Time Slot

Technical Specification

TeleService

TSC Training Sequence Code

TSDI Transceiver Speech & Data Interface

TTCN Tree and Tabular Combined Notation

TUP Telephone User Part (SS7)

TV Type and Value

TXPWR Transmit PoWeR; Tx power level in the MS_TXPWR_REQUEST and MS_TXPWR_CONF parameters

UDI Unrestricted Digital Information

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UDUB User Determined User Busy

UI Unnumbered Information (Frame)

UIC Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer

Um Air/Radio Interface

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UPCMI Uniform PCM Interface (13-bit)

UPD Up to date

UPT Universal Personal Telecommunication

URAN UMTS Radio Access Network

URL Universal Resource Locator

USF Uplink State Flag

USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data

UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

UUS User to User Signaling

UWCC Universal Wireless Communication Consortium

V Value only

VAD Voice Activity Detection

VBS Voice Broadcast Service

VGCS Voice Group Call Service

VLR Visited Location Register, VLR Number

VMSC Visited MSC, (recommendation not to be used)

VPLMN Visited PLMN

VSC Videotex Service Centre

V(SD) Send state variable

VTX host The components dedicated to Videotex service

W3C World Wide Web Consotrium

WAE Wireless Application Environment

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

WBMP Wireless Bitmap(Format)

W-CDMA Widebend CDMA

WDP Wireless Datagram Protocol

WLL Wireless Local Loop

WML Wireless Markup Language

WPA Wrong Password Attempts (counter)

WRC Wireless Session Protocol

WS Work Station

WTA Wireless Telephony Application

WTLS Wireless Transport Layer Security protocol

WTP Wireless Transaction Protocol

WWW World Wide Web

XID eXchange IDentifier

XML Extensible Markup Language

XSL Extensible Style Language

ZC Zone Code

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